Structs and impl Blocks

&self, &mut self, Self

A struct groups named fields; an impl block adds methods and associated functions. A method's receiver says how it uses the value: &self reads, &mut self modifies, self consumes. Associated functions without self (like Account::new) act as constructors. #[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq)] asks the compiler to generate common trait implementations: debug printing with {:?}, cloning and equality.

Model data and behaviour precisely

Structs hold data, enums model alternatives, and traits define shared behaviour.

An account with a constructor and methods, run

I ran this with Rust 1.99.0 (cargo run, edition 2024, standard library only). new builds the struct, deposit takes &mut self, summary takes &self, and derived traits give debug printing, cloning and ==.

#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq)]
struct Account {
    owner: String,
    balance: u64,
}

impl Account {
    fn new(owner: &str) -> Self {
        Self { owner: owner.to_string(), balance: 0 }
    }
    fn deposit(&mut self, amount: u64) {
        self.balance += amount;
    }
    fn summary(&self) -> String {
        format!("{} has {}", self.owner, self.balance)
    }
}

fn main() {
    let mut acc = Account::new("Asha");
    acc.deposit(150);
    println!("{}", acc.summary());
    println!("{acc:?}");
    let other = acc.clone();
    println!("equal: {}", acc == other);
}

Output:

Asha has 150
Account { owner: "Asha", balance: 150 }
equal: true

Derive what you need

Deriving Debug on most types makes logging and debugging much easier.

त्वरित जाँच: Which receiver lets a method modify the struct?

• static self
• &self
• Self
• &mut self